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Whom named and name Tatars?
by MIRFATYH ZAKIEV

Whom named and name Tatars? Before to start a statement of problems of an origin Tatars, it is necessary to understand about what Tatars speech is conducted here. Frequently Tatars named and name the different peoples which at times ethnically were not connected with each other. Many historians and ethnobroad gullies in XIX-20th centuries, following for the Kazan missionaries, an ethnonym Tatars (without definitions) designate peoples which in the past referred to as someone Tatars, for example, and ancient Tatars, and the Mongolo-Tatar, both Horde Tatars and modern Bulgaro-Tatars - name all simply Tatars. In result these ethnically not connected or only in part connected Tatars were identified among themselves. We find this identification in monographies on a history Tatars, in the "Tatar" sections of the school and high school textbooks written some Russian and sometimes by foreign authors. It resulted in rough distortions in study the ethnogenesis determined Tatars therefore study of a problem of an origin Bulgaro-Tatars - the modern Tatar nation generated in Tatarstan and Russia suffered also.

One of the basic directions of research of conducting Bulgaro-Tatar historians still then was their struggle against identification modern Bulgaro-Tatars with ancient Tatars, Mongolo-Tatars, Horde Tatars.

In the middle of 90th years, strangely enough, and among the Tatar historians people identifying modern Bulgaro-Tatar with Horde Tatars, with Mongolo-Tatars or with ancient Tatars have appeared. These so-called Tataro-Tatarists as though come back from the concept of a Türko - Bulgarian origin modern Tatars to the out-of-date missionary concept of mongolo-Tatar or their ordynsko-Tatar origin, simultaneously addressing to Russian historians with the persevering request to estimate positively and a mongolo-Tatar gain of Russian state, together with the Chingizids oppressing local population. In result, the Tatar Tataro-Tatarists and some Russian historians unite all Tatars in a single whole and Bulgaro-Tatars direct descendants the Mongolo-Tatar, Horde Tatars, even show modern "Tatar".

Taking into account all this, in the beginning it is necessary for us to understand semantics of an ethnonym Tatars. Whom named and now name Tatars?

1. Tatars named and now in scientific research Tatars name ancient. The following groups concern to them Tatars.

As far as allow to judge historical sources, an ethnonym Tatars still long before AD was the self-name enough advanced, known then breeding union or people being northern neighbour and the contender of China. It is known, that Chinese still then concerned to them intently and hostilely, naming their Tat ("dirty", "barbarians"). Chinese named this name also other northern neighbors. Even they have started to erect a great Chinese wall, being protected from Tatars, i.e. from all northern relatives and far neighbors [Mitford В., 1838, t. IV, 189].

Further, an ethnonym otuz Tatars " thirty Tatars " we meet in a runic monument in honour Kjul-Tegina (the 8th century AD), an ethnonym tokuz Tatars " nine Tatars " in runic « Monument Mojun-churu » (the 8th century AD). Whether there were these ethnonyms self-names (endoethnonyms) or names of these tribes on the part of others (exoethnonyms) while it is not known, but the ethnonym fixed in runic writing Tatars speaks that then in the Central Asia the tribes named Tatars lived.

In same the 8th century tribes under the name Tatars are recorded in structure Kimakskogo of the state which function in 8th-XI centuries in Western Siberia between Irtysh and the Ural mountains, in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. This state played a significant role in folding a nation of Kazakhs and the Siberian Türks (Tatars). The last then called themselves under names of districts, and in XIX-XX an ethnonym Tatars centuries have accepted.

In II half XI century Mahmud Kashgarly in the encyclopaedic work « to the Sofa lugat the it-Türk », listing{transferring} Tatars specifies Turkic peoples, a place near to Kirghiz. It{he} writes, that the most Türks close to Byzantium are Besenyo (Badjinak), further are located: Kypchaks, oguzy, jemeki, bashkirty, basmyli, kai, jabaku, Tatars, Kirghiz; Kirghiz - the most close neighbors of China [Kashgarly М., 1992, t. I, 28]. Under this message it becomes clear, that Tatars were somewhere in the Central Asia.

All these Tatars named usually ancient Tatars, did not become direct ancestors modern Bulgaro-Tatars for they in the mass order did not move in territory of the formation of the Volzhsko-Bulgarian state. If the insignificant part also has filtered on this territory she{it} in structure of the Bulgarian state has accepted a general ethnonym of Bulgaro. Ancient Tatars during distribution of a general ethnonym the Türk have gradually lost the ethnonym.

2. TSentralnoaziatskoj ancient Tatars among mongolo-speakingyh and manchzhuro-speakingyh peoples prevailing position was possible to borrow{occupy} parts and to transfer the last an ethnonym Tatars as the general name. In struggle against these Tatars Timuchinu - CHingiz-khan succeded to create the mighty state and under the general name Tatars to organize the strong army having system of a precise subordination. This army usually name Mongolo-Tatars. During aggressive campaigns of Chingizids in structure of these armies representatives of other defeated peoples were poured in: Türks, Chinese, Persians, Arabs, Caucasians, slavs, Finno-Ugrians, etc. These multilingual Mongolo-Tatars settled on all Mongolian feudal empire which included Mongolia, the most part of Siberia, Northern China, Korea, Central and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Transcaucasia, Northern Caucasus, the Volga Bulgaria, a significant part of Russian grounds. Aggressive armies of Chingizids referred to Tatar and after disintegration of the Mongolian feudal empire, during functioning and expansion of the independent Mongolian states Batyja (the Province Djuchis), the Khulagu (won also Dvurechje, Arabian halifat, Syria), the Chagatai and Hubilaja (subdued Southern China and other countries and named the empire Yuan). But Mongolo-Tatars in all Mongolian states made an insignificant part of the population and very quickly assimilated among local Türks, Chinese, Persians, Arabs, Caucasians, slavs, and also Turkic-speaking Bulgaro. Mongolo-Tatars or long time is simple Tatars referred to the Chingizids occupied in these states prevailing position.

Mongolo-Tatars, though are considered as some historians ancestors modern Tatars, actually they have no close ethnic relation to Bulgaro-Tatars, they cannot be counted ancestors Bulgaro-Tatars, neither Uzbeks, nor Afghans, neither Chinese, nor Persians, etc.

3. Scientists of the Western Europe in X4th century counted Tatars, on their expression by Tatars (natives of the Hell), the population of all Mongolian states of Chingizids. According to such understanding of semantics of an ethnonym Tatars the West-European scientists on the first European geographical cards{maps} placed so-called Tartariju within the limits of the territories subordinated to Chingizids. They have started to write works about Tatars. Having seen such cards{maps} and the first works about Tatars, our Tataro-Tatarists exclaimed sincere surprise at greatness of "ancestors", suppsedentiaryy Tatars - our ancestors, what extensive regions of Eurasia occupied. Actually all it is clear, that descendants a Tatar, i.e. the population of the Mongolian feudal empire and all four provinces of Chingizids, one Bulgaro-Tatars, and first of all - Mongols, Türks, manchurians, Chinese, Iranians, Arabs, Caucasians, Russian, Finno-Ugrians, etc. are not.

4. The West-European scientists Russian scientific and invited by them named all population Dzhuchieva of the Province (Golden Horde) Tatars. Later, study the East up to Pacific ocean, to these Tatars they carried all east non-russian. Even paleoaziatskih orochej, living opposite to Sakhalin, Russian researchers have named Tatars, from here and the passage has been called Tatar. Such understanding of a problem could be accepted for a recognition of people under the name Horde Tatars. In practice in Golden Horde there were no necessary conditions for formation of uniform ethnos from its{her} multilingual, mnogoetnichnogo the population.

5. On a measure of study of east peoples Russian scientists have understood, that Horde Tatars will consist of many ethnoses with the ethnonyms, but Tatars have not refused and their general name, have started to apply it{him} with the definitions consisting of self-names or names of places of dwelling of these peoples: abakanskie Tatars (Khakases), the Azerbaijan Tatars, bArabinskie Tatars, the Bashkir Tatars, the Bulgarian Tatars, Budjak Tatars, vogulskie Tatars (mansi), dzhagatajskie Tatars, the Yenisei Tatars, the Transcaucasian Tatars, the Kazakh Tatars (Azerbaijanians), the Kirghiz Tatars (Kazakhs and Kirghiz), kumykskie Tatars, Tatari-taranchi, Turkmen Tatars, the Uzbek Tatars, Khakass Tatars, Circassian Tatars, etc. During colonization of the East participants of scientific expeditions have revealed, that east peoples will consist of Finno-Ugrians, Türks, paleoaziatov, etc. But Türks, it is especial their Muslim part, continued to name Tatars, distributing this name and on others vneordynskih Türks. Later from others Tatars Russian scientists have started to apply a composite ethnonym to difference of Türks the turetsko-Tatar peoples or Türkoes - Tatars. Only in 1923 they were solved on application of a general ethnonym Türks or Turkic, and for anatolijskih Türks Turks have left an ethnonym.

After disintegration of Golden Horde the same peoples which have started to be formed up to mongolo-Tatar gains have left on an independent way of development: Bulgars, Russian, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Karachay-Balkarians, kumyki, Nogays, Chuvashs, etc. however, at some from them changes in an ethnonym nevertheless were observed. So, sarty began to refer to as Uzbeks, experts - Nogaysami, Bulgars at dialogue with Russian have incidentally started to apply an ethnonym Tatars. Ignoring these facts, the Tatar Tataro-Tatarists and some Russian historians modern Bulgaro-Tatars ethnically identify with so-called Horde Tatars, i.e. with the population of Golden Horde, sometimes and with ancient Tatars, Mongolo-Tatars, Türkoes - Tatars, even with Tatars.

Actually direct ancestors modern Tatars of the Uralo-Volga region are not ancient Tatars, not Mongolo-Tatars, not Tatars, not Horde Tatars as a whole, and Bulgars in a broad sense this word, the population of Golden Horde being a part (i.e. Horde Tatars), received only at the end of Xthe 9th century a general ethnonym Tatars. Therefore if necessary differences of our people from others Tatars, we speak not simply about Tatars, and it is necessary - about Bulgaro-Tatars.

Except for these five groups Tatars and Bulgaro-Tatars are still the Crimean and Dobrudjian Tatars.

By way of generalization stated in this paragraph we shall result the following table showing values of an ethnonym Tatars.

63. About an ethnonym of Bulgaro and his{its} values. Bulgars are a Russian pronunciation of an ethnonym of the self-name the Bulgar. Such name is accepted for a designation of the Volga Bulgaro. But scientists apply to more ancient period also the form Bulgars which is recorded as the name of others the Bulgar: Caucasian, N.Pontic, Danube and more ancient Central Asian.

In this work as the general name is accepted to apply a word Bulgars, and to a designation Volga the Bulgar - a word Bulgars.

On ethymology of an ethnonym the Bulgaro / Bulgar scientists did not come to a common opinion. And it is a lot of opinions. Them has collected and dunajsko-Bulgarian scientist Hristo Todorov-Bemberski in the detailed article « systematized Experience of thematic ordering of existing ethymologies of an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) » [Todorov-Bemberski X., 1988, 175-219]. Classification offered{suggested} to him{it} covers the following lexical sets of ethymologies:

1. Ethymologies according to which an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) occurs on behalf of the bible or historical person (eponimnye ethymologies): the word the Bulgar ascends to a name of son Jafeta, son Noja; the word the Bulgar occurs on behalf of the leader the Khazar and Kumans Bulgariosa [Ibid. 176]; a word the Bulgar - on behalf of the son of the Scythian the Bulgar; the word the Bulgar becomes known about 127 years BC, and it occurs on behalf of their leader Blger [Ibid. 177], etc.

2. The ethymologies considering{examining} an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) as a tracing-paper from other ethnonyms: Bulgars / Bulgaro on sense (Bashkir) " five ugrov", bul - Bulgarian "five",-гар - ugor, Bulgaro - also " five ugrov " [Todorov-Bemberski X., 178-179] coincides with an ethnonym beshgur/bashgur.

3. Ethymologies according to which an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) occurs from any toponym: the Bulgar from the name of the river Volga / Bulga; bolga-ar " Volga people "; the Bulgar occurs from toponyms Bug, Budzhak, Bolgarchaj, Bolkardag [Ibid. 180-186].

4. Ethymologies from the point of view of a site (dwelling) prabolgar: the Bulgar - " high mountains " or " high coast " from bylgaron (Ossetians). " People which lived at bottom of mountains "; bulag-er " the river ground", bulag-ar " river People", etc. [Ibid. 1988, 187-192].

5. Ethymologies from a position of some social characteristics prabolgar: the Bulgar " the rebel, the rebel " or the Bulgar (in) " the person who has reached{achieved} riches", Bulgaro (in) " the scientific person", bolga-ar " hunters on a sable", for bulga - on - mongolsk. "Sable", Bulgaro "city dweller", for balyg - "city" [Ibid. 192-199].

6. Ethymologies according to which an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) reflects the mixed origin of the carrier: the Bulgar - " a mix of slavs and Turks", from a word bolg, bolgatmak "to mix" [Ibid. 199-203].

7. Ethymologies according to which an ethnonym the Bulgar (in) has totemnoe an origin and totemnoe the contents: Bulgaro - " a marten, a sable", " flight of wolves " (perenosno: " a military team ") [Ibid. 203-208].

The education system of Turkic ethnonyms prompts, that in a word the Bulgar final ar is an initial Turkic ethnonym with value " men, People", as his{its} definition the word bolak "river" or balyg "city" acts. The Bulgar as a whole means " river people " or " city People". If to take into account that Bulgars everywhere lived near to suarami semantics of a word of Bulgaro as " river people " more convincing for suar has same semantics.

As to connection of this ethnonym with gidronimom Volga it is possible to tell with confidence, what not a word the Bulgar proihodit from Volga, and on the contrary, gidronim Volga (former names Bolga) occurs from an ethnonym the Bulgar: Russian represented, that a word the Bulgar designates the inhabitants located on the river Bolga/Volga.

The ethnonym Bulgaro / Bulgars also is multiple-valued. In Central Asia it{he} is mentioned still long before AD, him{it} name Central Asian or hindukushskih the Bulgar.

In region of N.Pontic Bulgars are recorded under the name of the ancestors - оногур/hуногур in the 7th century BC. The settlement constructed by them referred to hоногур/фанагор, in the 7th century BC colonizers - Greeks have transformed it{him} into the big city, in 1000 it{he} under name Fanagorija became capital of Great Bulgaria - the states Kubrata. In structure of this state and other Turkic-speaking tribes accept a general ethnonym the Bulgar. Thus, Bulgars name still N.Pontic the Bulgar. Hindukushskie Bulgars and N.Pontic Bulgars, naturally, are connected among themselves ethnically, but the question where they lived, whence, earlier where and when have moved is not found out yet.

After disintegration of the state Kubrata, three nations under this ethnonym were formed: 1) on Danube Asparuhova Bulgaria where gosudarstvoobrazujushchie Bulgars through some generations oslavjanilis, in result the Slavic-lingual the Bulgarian people here was formed; 2) on Northern Caucasus the part Turkic-speaking the Bulgar was kept, and on its{her} basis was formed balkarskaja a nation; 3) on Central Volga the Bulgarian state in structure of which all local Turkic tribes have received the general name the Bulgaro / Bulgar has been created. To difference of these the Bulgar from each other an ethnonym the Bulgar apply with definitions: the Danube Bulgars, the Caucasian Bulgars (later - other phonetic variation: Balkars), the Volga Bulgars (then the phonetic variation is accepted: Bulgars).

In the use of an ethnonym Bulgars / Bulgars are not present such confusion what is observed at application of an ethnonym Tatars. Here there are no opponents of application of an ethnonym Bulgars / Bulgars with konkretizirujushchimi determining words. There are only cases nerazlichenija Bulgaro in narrow sense and Bulgaro in a broad sense: а) Bulgars in narrow sense is actually Bulgars who have created the Volzhsko-Bulgarian state; б) Bulgars in a broad sense is the population of the Volzhsko-Bulgarian state where Bulgars and all Turkic-speaking and tjurkizirovannye local tribes which have received a general ethnonym of Bulgaro later entered actually. Nerazlichenie these two values frequently results scientists in erroneous reasonings on ancestors Volga Tatars. Understanding an ethnonym of Bulgaro only in narrow sense, some historians assert{approve}, that the recognition of Bulgaro ancestors Tatars narrows former structure Volga Tatars, therefore the origin Tatars ostensibly is more favourable for connecting with Mongolo-Tatars. Supporters of such point of view simply do not take into account that ancestors Volga Tatars are Bulgars in a broad sense this word.

64. Names Tatars and Bulgaro as internal and external ethnonyms. At study the ethnogenesis of peoples scientists try to distinguish endoethnonyms (internal ethnonyms) and exoethnonyms (external ethnonyms), and also their internal and external application.

In the historical plan the endoethnonym is a self-name of people, and an exoethnonym - his{its} exoethnonym. For example, the ethnonym Tatars for a part ancient Tatars was, certainly, the self-name, and to their other part - ancestors of Mongols and manchurians - was applied as an exoethnonym, i.e. only Chinese named them Tatars, certainly, identifying them with Turkic-speaking Tatars. For the Mongolo-Tatar, Horde Tatars the ethnonym Tatars was only in part the self-name, for their greater part it{he} was an exoethnonym. It means, that only ruling clan named itself a word Tatars, from here and the name of the state - Tatar. Among the Mongolo-Tatar, it is especial among mongolo-Tatar armies Türks, Chinese, korejtsy, neither Afghans, nor Persians, neither Arabs, nor Finno-Ugrians, neither Bulgars, nor Bashkirs, Russian did not name themselves Tatars. For them an ethnonym Tatars were only an exoethnonym.

In matching conditions the exoethnonym was applied also by representatives of most this people to representation of to another's peoples. For example, representatives of native Turkic tribes from the Uralo-Volga region, Crimea, N.Pontic, at the request of Vitautas having moved at the end of XIV - the beginning of Xthe 5th centuries to Lithuania for conducting the armed struggle against German knights, represented themselves to local population Tatars. It meant, that they have arrived from the Tatar state Dzhuchieva of the Province (Golden Horde) though earlier on the native land had self-names: Bulgars, nogai, Tauris, Kypchaks, etc. In due course the external ethnonym Tatars at them became the self-name, but at external application it is necessary with definition litva (litva Tatarlary " the Lithuanian Tatars ").

As to an ethnonym a Tatar, i.e. the West-European name of these peoples which have appeared in structure of the Tatar states Hubilaja, the Chagatai, the Khulagu and Djuchis it{he} never was for them the self-name, i.e. an endoethnonym, and was applied only as an exoethnonym.

When Russian and the Mongolo-Tatar, both Horde Tatars, and all east non-russian, and named all former Türks - moslems and now in scientific research name Tatars and in this case the word Tatars was and remains only an exoethnonym. For this reason all peoples, which ancestors lived in territory of Golden Horde and Tatars had an exoethnonym, subsequently have refused acceptance of this ethnonym as the self-name. Exception was made only by Bulgars, Crimean nogai and Dobrudjian Türks. For these Türks the ethnonym Tatars became the self-name and an internal ethnonym only at the end of XIX and the beginning of 20th centuries.

On process and the reasons of acceptance of an ethnonym Tatars as the self-name Bulgaro-Tatars we still shall stop below, here we shall tell some words about acceptance of this ethnonym by the Crimean and Dobrudjian Türks.

Before reception of an ethnonym Tatars the population of all steppe part of Crimea and adjoining continental areas, and also Kerch peninsula, referred to as the Crimean Nogays or is simple Nogays (Nogays, Nogaysly). The part of the population of steppe Crimea named itself Kypchaks (kypshchak). The population of foothill, mountain Crimea and Southern coast was called among Nogaystsev as an ethnonym the Tat (tatlar). But during the formation of the Crimean Khanate in second half Xthe 5th century and within Xthe 6th century with hope of restoration of the broken Tatar state Dzhuchieva of the Province the ethnonym Tatars is imposed to the population of Crimea. « The radical Turkic population of Crimea long time rejected an ethnic name Tatars. Poets of Xthe 7th century name themselves and people Kypchaks. Even presently many natives of Crimea - - assert{approve} the senior generation, that they not Tatars, and Kypchaks, Nogays, the Crimean Türks, krymchane » [Izidinova S.R., 1997, 299]. Now for Crimean Tatars the ethnonym Tatars is the self-name, i.e. an internal ethnonym.

The Balkan Türks living in Dobrudjian Black Sea Coast which now is in territory of Romania and Bulgaria, Tatars have started to transform a former exoethnonym into an endoethnonym for among these Türks the majority is made by immigrants basically of Crimea (the middle of Xthe 9th century). As well as in Crimea, here too three dialects: tatsky (southern - careful Crimean-Tatarian), Tatar (Central, or tsentarlnyj Crimean-Tatarian) and Nogayssky (northern, or steppe Crimean-Tatarian). These dialects now are exposed to strong influence on the part of the next turkish dialects [to Pokrovskaja L.A., 1997, 197]. As there is a process turkizatsii so far as here there is no dispute concerning an ethnonym Tatars.

The ethnonym of Bulgaro / bolg ` ar was applied also not always as soon as the self-name. It{he} was the self-name for own Bulgaro who succeded to create some states. But for other peoples making the population of these states, this ethnonym all over again was applied as an exoethnonym, only in due course becoming the self-name. For example, for the slavs subordinated to the Danube Bulgars, the ethnonym Bulgars gradually became the self-name. For the Bashkir in structure of the Volzhsko-Bulgarian state the ethnonym of Bulgaro served as an exoethnonym. But expansion the Mongolo-Tatar has rescued them from acceptance of an ethnonym of Bulgaro as the self-name.

The ethnonym of Bulgaro as an exoethnonym has reached western Siberian Türks, but they had not time to acquire it{him} as the self-name, is exact just as Tatars they till now do not count an ethnonym an own endoethnonym. The name of Bulgaro has not had time to be fixed and at ancestors Astrakhan Tatars. It was the self-name at ancestors Tatars of the Central Volga region and Ural, i.e. at those our ancestors which for a long time lived in structure of the Volzhsko-Bulgarian state.

Now there is a whole social movement with many branches on places which puts the purpose restoration of the former self-name of Bulgaro so that, having named Tatars, they were not confused to other Tatars.

In connection with above-stated some words about internal and external application of ethnonyms Tatars and Bulgaro now are necessary to tell.

So, inside themselves both Crimean, and Dobrudjian, and Volga region Tatars name people a word Tatars for at his{its} internal application by all it is clear, about what Tatars there is a speech. At external and initial application (i.e. not among these Tatars) if to tell only Tatars, without definition his{its} semantics becomes completely not clear to the interlocutor - reader, therefore the word Tatars should be applied necessarily with determining, konkretizirujushchim a word, as for example, the Crimean Tatars, Dobrudjian Tatars, Volga region Tatars, the Siberian Tatars, Bulgaro-Tatars, etc.

Precisely as at initial and external application the ethnonym of Bulgaro necessarily asks to itself matching definition: the Volga Bulgars (Bulgars), the Danube Bulgars (Bulgars), the Caucasian Bulgars (Balkars), prichernomorskie Bulgars, etc.

When we speak about different Tatars in the historical plan, we use an ethnonym Tatars also necessarily with sootvestvujushchim definition: ancient Tatars, Mongolo-Tatars, Horde Tatars, chagatajskie Tatars, Bulgaro-Tatars, etc.

65. About an ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars and his{its} semantics. We were convinced, that Tatars in diahronnom and synchronous plans name an ethnonym various, at times peoples ethnically not connected with each other. Therefore initial and external application of an ethnonym Tatars without definitions results in misunderstanding and serious messes in study the ethnogenesis of so-called Tatar peoples.

Taking into account this circumstance, at initial and external application Tatars use an ethnonym necessarily with matching definitions.

Modern Tatars are applied to a designation three composite ethnonyms: the Crimean Tatars, Dobrudjian Tatars and Bulgaro-Tatars.

Crimean and Dobrudjian Tatars in a place of their dwelling are named. And Bulgaro-Tatars Tatars which origin is connected to Bulgars are called. Some scientific instead of the name Bulgaro-Tatars have tried to recommend other ethnonyms reflecting regions of their moving: the Kazan Tatars, Tatars of the Volga region and Ural, the Volga Tatars i.d. But any of them Bulgaro-Tatars are not capable to capture all, leaving in the side western Siberian Tatars, Lithuanian Tatars, etc. Taking into account all this, in Xthe 9th century scientists have found rather successful ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars. And the idea of application of this composite ethnonym has been prompted in Xthe 7th century by German scientist Adamom Oleariem. Having visited the Volga region, it{he} local Turkic people names not simply Tatars, and Bulgarian Tatars, i.e. Bulgaro-Tatars [Oleary А., 1905, 408]. Application of this ethnonym became more active after an output{exit} in 1877 of the book of S.M.Shpilevskogo « Ancient cities and other Bulgaro-Tatar monuments in the Kazan province ».

Concerning application of ethnonyms the Crimean Tatars, Dobrudjian Tatars are not present special discussions. Around of a composite ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars constantly arise disputes. One speak what enough to apply an ethnonym Tatars without definitions, that ostensibly gives representation about uniform big Tatar people. This childish approach at us is propagandized by several not so young historians. Naturally, existence of three different peoples named Tatars - the conventional fact [Rorlih А., 1993, 157-165]. Therefore to know about what Tatars there is a speech, we are compelled to apply an ethnonym Tatars with definitions.

The some people are afraid of that if our people to name an ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars in due course it can result to that the term Tatars will disappear, and as the name of people the former ethnonym Bulgars will be fixed, hence, then we shall lose suppsedentiaryy an ethnonym Tatars which also is important for display of former greatness of people. Supporters of such fear should tell, that the Crimean Tatars as a result of application of this composite ethnonym have not lost a word Tatars and have not restored former own ethnonyms krymchak or Nogays.

If there was a danger otpadenija words Tatars from a composite ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars we for a long time would lose it{him} for the ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars is anyhow applied from Xthe 7th century. Thus, to be afraid of application of a concrete ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars there are no bases.

As Bulgaro-Tatars refer to Astrakhan, Kazan, kasimovskie, the Nizhniy Novgorod, Siberian, Lithuanian, Orenburg Tatars for all of them are descendants of native Turkic tribes, which, being in structure of the Bulgarian state, or testing his{its} hegemony, referred to as a general ethnonym Bulgars. Only at the end of XVIII and the beginning of Xthe 9th century they have started to apply an ethnonym Tatars. Therefore to name Bulgaro-Tatars Tatars it is possible only from the end of Xthe 8th century and the beginning of Xthe 9th century, before they are Bulgars, and for all period - Bulgaro-Tatars.

Such sequence of development Bulgaro-Tatars has excellent been proved to S.Mardzhani. Following his{its} doctrine, all conducting Tatar historians and G.Ahmerov's policies, Cope Fahreddinov, Dzh. Validi, G.Sagdi, G.Gubajdullin, J.Akchura, S.Maksudi, G.Ishaki, M.Hudjakov, H.Atlasi, H.Gimadi, G.Jusupov, M.Safargaliev, T.Davletshin, J.Abdullin, A.Halikov, A.Karimullin, R.Nafigov, I.Tagirov, S.Alishev and many others an ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars freely apply.

however, in 17-20 years of 20th century Türkoes - Tatars, but former Russian scientists this term used still an ethnonym named all Türks, and now his{its} semantics includes not only Bulgaro-Tatars, but also Crimean, and also Dobrudjian Tatars. For this reason the ethnonym Türkoes - Tatars for a designation Bulgaro-Tatars now is not applied.

Ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars otmezhevyvaet modern Tatars from ancient Tatars, the Mongolo-Tatar, a Tatar, Horde Tatars. Mongolo-Tatars by means of the strong army organized from representatives of local won peoples, have created four empires: the Province of the Chagatai, the Province Djuchis, Europeans and Persians named Province Hubilaja and the Province of Khulagu (Ilhanov), which population Tatars.

Only insignificant part the Mongolo-Tatar was fixed in territory of the Province Djuchis and very quickly assimilated among local Türks, including among Bulgaro, accepting an ethnonym of Bulgaro. But as the state was called Tatar so far as also his{its} population referred to as other peoples Tatars, that has affected and the part of the population which later have accepted an ethnonym Tatars.

It is necessary to tell also that Bulgaro-Tatars we include in semantics of an ethnonym also ours dobulgarskih the ancestors carrying ethnonyms: suvar, biar (biljar/Biger), kashan (kasan), the expert, kasar (Khazar), Alans, the Akatsir, the Majgar, Pardys, the Kangar, etc.

Thus, the ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatars unites in one nation modern volgo-Ural, western - sibriskih and Lithuanian Tatars and otmezhovyvaet these Tatars from ancient Tatars, the Mongolo-Tatar, Horde Tatars, a Tatar, Crimean and Dobrudjian Tatars.

66. Structure Bulgaro-Tatars and their number. Bulgaro-Tatars are classified on modern and historical regions of moving, on language features, on a confessional affiliation, to an attribute aborigennosti and non-aborigionalities, etc. Clearly to present this classification, closely{attentively} enough to study the circuit resulted here (see a trace. Page).

Under the circuit it is visible, that Bulgaro-Tatars will consist from Volga Tatars, Siberian Tatars and Lithuanian Tatars.

The Volga Tatars in another way refer to also as Tatars of the Uralo-Volga region, sometimes Tatars of the Volga region and Ural. Carriers of the basic (Central and western) dialects of the Tatar language here live.

Siberian (is more often: western Siberian) Tatars concern to Bulgaro-Tatars and in historical aspect: they together with Bashkirs up to mongolo-Tatar gains were under economic, political and cultural influence of Bulgaro. Apparently, this historic fact also mattered in consolidation Siberian Tatars with Volga. The Siberian Tatars are carriers of the third - east dialect of the Tatar language. To language attributes dialektologi Tatars on tobolsko-irtyshskih, bArabinskih and Tomsk divide western Siberian.

The Lithuanian Tatars after disintegration of Lithuania appeared in territory of Poland, Belarus, Baltic, therefore they sometimes refer to as the Polish, Byelorussian and Baltic Tatars. Having lost the Bulgarian language, an own ethnonym of Bulgaro, they have kept an external ethnonym Tatars and Islamic religion.

On historical regions Bulgaro-Tatars usually divide on: 1) kasimovskih and Nizhniy Novgorod, 2) Tambov and Penza, 3) Perm, 4) Kazan, 5) pool White (Bashkir), 6) Astrakhan, 7) Orenburg.

On a confessional affiliation Bulgaro-Tatars are Tatars - moslems and Tatars - kreshchenye (orthodox - krjasheny).

On modern moving Tatars differ on native and not native (diaspora).

Tatars concern to Tatars - natives Tatarstanskie, bashkortostanskie, Saratov, Samara, Nizhniy Novgorod, the Kirov area, chuvashstanskie, Penza, Ryazan, western Siberian and others which live now in the historical regions.

Tatars concern to the Tatar diaspora uzbekistanskie, Kazakhstan, turkmenistanskie, Azerbaijan, Ukrainian (shahtinskie), Moscow, St.-Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, and also Tatars of far abroad: American, turkish, finnish, Australian, etc.

As to number Bulgaro-Tatars despite of presence of results of census, here there is no common opinion. Some scientists, challenging the evidence of official census of the population, assert{approve}, that general number Bulgaro-Tatars not (on results of census of 1989), and it is much more than 6 million 645 thousand. But as we do not have other informations, we proceed from results perepisej the population, lead{carried out} in 1979 and in 1989 and we shall try to define{determine} the tendency of growth of their number.

In 1979 Tatars it was totaled by 6 million 185 thousand, in 1989 of them began - to 6 million 645 thousand. For 10 years the gain has made 7,4 percent, across the USSR an increase in population - 9 percent. On rates of growth of number, Bulgaro-Tatars from an increase in population of the USSR lag behind on 1,6 percent.

The share Tatars in general structure of the population of Tatarstan in 1979 made 47,8 %, in 1989 - 48,5 %, the share Russian was in 1979 - 44,1 %, and in 1989 - 43,3 %. In 2000 it has informally been declared, that in general structure of the population of Tatarstan the share Tatars has reached{achieved} 51 %.

On results of census of 1979, 14,9 % of all Tatars lived in Bashkortostan, 10,3 % - in Uzbekistan. For 10 years sharp growth Tatars in Bashkortostan, and reduction of their quantity{amount} in Uzbekistan is observed: on results of census of 1989, in Bashkortostan Tatars, and 17 % of all live in Uzbekistan - 7 %. Such sharp changes, apparently, occur and consequently, that in Bashkortostan some part the Tatars who have enrolled earlier by Bashkirs, having taken advantage of opportunities of democratization, has preferred the ethnonym Tatars; as to Uzbekistan here democratization has gone for the benefit of indigenous population: some part Tatars, avoiding negative image of a word Tatars in press, at census has named itself Uzbeks. Such ethnopolitical incidents are usual in all multinational countries.

How business with a question of alienation Tatars from the native language is? In 197985,9 % of all Tatars counted the native language the Tatar language, in 1989 this parameter has decreased up to 83,2 percent. For 10 years the share Bulgaro-Tatars, otchuzhdennyh from native language, has reached{achieved} 1 million 116 thousand (in 1979 of them was 872 thousand). Thus, the general gain of quantity{amount} Tatars for 10 years has made 7,4 %, and a gain otchuzhdennyh from the native language - almost 28 %.

Hence, process of assimilation of Tatar people among Russian, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, etc. goes faster rates, than growth of his{its} total. On modern newspaper materials it is known, that the number Russian in Russia falls, together with them the total Tatars is reduced.

Thus, there was a question on acceptance of urgent effective measures on revival and development of our people. By present time such measures in a general plan are determined. To them concern:

- Preservation and strengthening of national statehood of Republic Tatarstan;

- Creation of a uniform cultural - national autonomy Tatars who dispersno are settled in many regions;

- Preservation and improvement of a social and economic inhabitancy of all Tatars that will provide intensive reproduction of the Tatar population;

- Preservation and improvement: а) natural, б) cultural, в) confessional, г) language, д) pedagogical and educational inhabitancies of people;

- The decision of problems of maintenance of the rights of the nations at a level of maintenance of human rights;

- The decision of problems of revival and development of the nation, not touching interests of others (in conditions of friendship of peoples);

- Preservation and development of rural settlements and standards of work and a life of peasants.

The successful decision of problems of revival and development of the nations in many respects depends and on a correct, adequate reconstruction of a national history of people. As is known, historians at study a national history of people, for the sake of completeness of a general picture, are interested and marginalnymi in problems and quite often try to show other ethnoses newcomers, strangers, even former conquerors of a territory. Therefore our historians at a reconstruction of a national history of people should conduct also delicate work on elimination of the mistakes unintentionally admitted{allowed} by historians of next peoples.

62. Whom named and name Tatars? Before to start a statement of problems of an origin Tatars, it is necessary to understand about what Tatars speech is conducted here. Frequently Tatars named and name the different peoples which at times ethnically were not connected with each other. Many historians and ethnobroad gullies in XIX-20th centuries, following for the Kazan missionaries, an ethnonym Tatars (without definitions) designate peoples which in the past referred to as someone Tatars, for example, and ancient Tatars, and the Mongolo-Tatar, both Horde Tatars and modern Bulgaro-Tatars - name all simply Tatars. In result these ethnically not connected or only in part connected Tatars were identified among themselves. We find this identification in monographies on a history Tatars, in the "Tatar" sections of the school and high school textbooks written some Russian and sometimes by foreign authors. It resulted in rough distortions in study the ethnogenesis determined Tatars therefore study of a problem of an origin Bulgaro-Tatars - the modern Tatar nation generated in Tatarstan and Russia suffered also.